Islamic theology and the problem of evil

1. The problem of evil : Outlines --

2. Disability, suffering, and four theodicies --

3. Non-human innocents : Theodicies for the problem of animal pain and suffering --

4. Toward an Islamic evolutionary theodicy --

5. Flames of love and wrath : Hell and the problem of everlasting punishment --

6. Concluding remarks --

Appendix. Four texts on the problem of animal pain and suffering.